Basque etymology : Query result

Proto-Basque: *es-kur̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 acorn 2 beechnut 3 fodder (for sheep and cattle) 4 tree

Bizkaian: ezkur 1, (arc) ezkur 4

Gipuzkoan: ezkur 1

High Navarrese: ezkur 1

Low Navarrese: ezkur 1

Lapurdian: hezkur 1

Zuberoan: ézkür 2

Roncalese: ezkur 3

Comments: This looks like a compound of *es- or *hes- ‘tree’ (= a reduced form of *haice, q.v.) + *kuṙ, i.e. ‘tree-fruit’. Cf. *es-pel ‘box tree’.

Proto-Basque: *espa-ra

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gadfly, horsefly

Bizkaian: ezpara, espara, ezpada

Gipuzkoan: ezpara, espara, ezpada

High Navarrese: ezpada

Low Navarrese: espare, ezpada, lespada

Salazarese: ezpatabe

Lapurdian: lespada, lespara

Zuberoan: espari

Roncalese: ezpada

Comments: Uncertain connection with PSC *ṗV̆nʒĕ́, if we assume metathesis + suffix. Cf. Circassian bāʒa 'fly', and the metatheses in Old English wæfs, wæps ~ wæsp 'wasp', Lat. vespa vs. Lith. vapsvà, etc. Some (Hubschmid, Michelena) have proposed a derivation of the Bsq word from some reflex of Lat. vespa.

Proto-Basque: *es-pel

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 box (tree) 2 broom (implement)

Bizkaian: ezpel 1

Gipuzkoan: ezpel 1

High Navarrese: ezpel 1

Low Navarrese: ezpel 1

Salazarese: ezpel 2

Lapurdian: ezpel 1

Zuberoan: ezpel 1

Roncalese: ezpel 2

Comments: Cf. PNC *pħīlV 'a kind of foliage [deciduous] tree' (asp, poplar). The first element *es- seems to be a reduced form of Bsq *haice 'tree' (q.v.), cf. also *es-kur̄ 'acorn, beechnut'. Brooms were sometimes made from box twigs. Azkue cites the Pyrenean words ezpelezko ezpela ‘broom made from box’, otakezpela ‘broom made from gorse’, txiniztezpel ‘broom made from juniper’, etc.

Proto-Basque: *esti

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 honey 2 sweet 3 soft, meek 4 wet, damp

Bizkaian: ezti 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: ezti 1

High Navarrese: ezti 1, 3

Low Navarrese: ezti 1, 3, 4

Lapurdian: ezti 1, 3

Baztanese: ezti 1, 2

Zuberoan: ézti 1, 3, 4

Roncalese: ezti 1, 2

Comments: For phonology cf. Tab. ic:i, Agul it:e-f 'sweet', etc. The Bsq development was possibly *emsti > *ẽsti > *esti. One of the cases of Bsq *-st- ~ PNC tense sibilants: cf. Bsq *baste-r̄ 'corner, edge' (q.v.) ~ PNC *whǝ̆rʒ_ĭ 'edge, tip'. Bouda (1948) compared Bsq ezti + Avar hoc̣:ó, etc.

Proto-Basque: *eulsi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 heap of unthreshed grain 2 heap, bundle (of hay or other herbs)

Gipuzkoan: eultze, ultzi 1

High Navarrese: eultze, ultzi 1

Low Navarrese: (Orreaga) ulzi 1

Salazarese: eultzi 1, alzau 2

Baztanese: eultzi 1

Aezkoan: aultzi 1

Roncalese: eultzi 1, (Vidángoz) eltzu 1

Comments: The Bsq contrast between original *ls and *lc has been neutralized in modern Bsq, usually as /lc/ ltz but /ls/ lz in some remote areas.

Proto-Basque: *gac

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: salt

Araban: gatz

Bizkaian: gatz

Gipuzkoan: gatz

High Navarrese: gatz

Low Navarrese: gatz

Salazarese: gatz

Lapurdian: gatz

Baztanese: gatz

Aezkoan: gatz

Zuberoan: gatz

Roncalese: gatz

Comments: Derivatives: *gasi 'salty, sour', *gasta-na 'cheese', *gas-hur 'whey'. The Bsq words are related to PEC *c̣_ǟḳwV by metathesis < PSC *ḳǟc̣(w)V, or (without glottal assimilation) *gǟc̣(w)V.

Proto-Basque: *gai / *e=kai

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 thing 2 material, subject 3 project, idea 4 worthy, able

Bizkaian: gei 1 (arc.), 2, 4

Gipuzkoan: gai 2, 4

High Navarrese: gai 2

Low Navarrese: gai 2, 4, ekhai, ekhei 2

Salazarese: ekei, ekei-gai 2

Lapurdian: gai 2, ekhai 2, ekhei-gai 2

Zuberoan: gei 2, 3, ekhéi 2

Roncalese: gei 2, ekei, ekei-gai 2

Comments: As a suffix -gai, -gei denotes ‘material for (something); person/ thing suitable or destined for (sth.)’, e.g. irakur-gai 'reading material, ezkon-gai, sen(h)ar-gei 'husband-material, fiancé'. After the fossilized prefix *e= the velar is unvoiced. Cf. PNC *q̇_wăjē 'thing(s), possession(s), household'.

Proto-Basque: *gaic / *gaiśo

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bad 2 poor, wretched 3 sick, ill 4 wicked 5 bad thing, illness 6 difficult

Bizkaian: gatx 1, 5, 6, gaiso, gaixo 2, 3

Gipuzkoan: gaitz 1, 5, 6, gaiso, gaixo 2, 3

High Navarrese: gaitz 1, 5, 6, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2

Low Navarrese: gatx 1, 5, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2

Lapurdian: gatx 1, 5, 6, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2

Zuberoan: gatx 1, 5, 6, gais-ki 1, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2

Roncalese: gais-ki 1, gaixto 1, 4, gaizo 2

Comments: A prolific Bsq root: only some of many forms and meanings are shown here.

Proto-Basque: *gain

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 summit, peak 2 surface, exterior 3 above

Bizkaian: gan 1, 2

Gipuzkoan: gain 1, 2

High Navarrese: gain 1, 2

Low Navarrese: gain 1, 2, 3

Lapurdian: gain 1, 2, 3

Zuberoan: gañ 1, 2, 3

Roncalese: gain 1, 2

Comments: Cf. Tsakhur q̇om 'summit, top'. *gain is found in many compounds, e.g. lepa-gain 'nape', soin-gain 'shoulder', be-kain 'eyebrow' (*begi-t-gain), etc.

Proto-Basque: *gal-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to lose 2 loss 3 damage, harm

Araban: gal-te 2

Bizkaian: gal-du 1, kal-te 3

Gipuzkoan: gal-du 1, kal-te 3, (Andoain) gal-era 2

High Navarrese: gal-du 1, kal-te 3, (Esteribar) gal-era 2

Low Navarrese: gal-du 1, kal-te 2, 3

Lapurdian: gal-du 1, kal-te 2, 3

Zuberoan: gál-dü 1

Roncalese: gal-tu 1, gal-te 2

Comments: The forms with initial /k/ are by voicing assimilation to the suffix *-te.

Proto-Basque: *galca-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 arm 2 armpit 3 bosom, chest 4 side (of body, from armpit to hip) 5 lap

Bizkaian: galtzar 1, galtzar-pe 2, kaltzer-pe 2, (Markina) kaltzar-pe 2

Gipuzkoan: galtzar 1, galtzar-be 2

High Navarrese: galtzar 1, galtzar-be 2

Low Navarrese: galtzar 3, 4, 5, galtzar-pe, galtzarre 2

Lapurdian: galtzar 1, 3, 4, 5, galtzarr-aspi 2, (arc) galzar-be 2

Zuberoan: galtzar 2

Comments: Cf. PNC *qărć̣wV̆ 'shoulder, arm', with Bsq *galcar̄ dissimilated < *garca-r̄. This word is not related to galtzak 'pants, trousers', a loan from Romance. The morph -be, -pe in words for 'armpit' is a reduced form of *behe 'below' (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *gali

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: wheat

Bizkaian: gari / gal-

Gipuzkoan: gari / gal-

High Navarrese: gari / gal-

Low Navarrese: gari / gal-

Lapurdian: gari / gal-

Zuberoan: gari / gal-

Roncalese: gari / gal-

Comments: The variant gal- appears in compounds, e.g. gal-buru 'ear (lit. head) of wheat'.

Proto-Basque: *ganc

Meaning: 1 animal fat, lard 2 paunch, belly

Bizkaian: gantz 1

Gipuzkoan: gantz 1

High Navarrese: gantz 1

Low Navarrese: gantz, ganz 1, 2

Lapurdian: gantz 2

Baztanese: gantz 1

Zuberoan: gantz, ganz 1, gantzopil 2

Roncalese: gantz 2

Proto-Basque: *gapa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bramble, blackberry bush

Bizkaian: (Oñate) kapar

Low Navarrese: (Amikuse) gapar

Zuberoan: khápar

Comments: The common semantic thread in Bsq and EC would seem to be ‘root, low part of a plant, low bush, creeping plant that spreads by roots’, or the like. Tentatively, the PSC form was *G(w)āpV, with voicing assimilation in PEC *GwābV, and unvoicing assimilation in BZK and ZBR.

Proto-Basque: *(gara-)gar̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: barley

Bizkaian: garagar

Gipuzkoan: garagar

High Navarrese: garagar

Low Navarrese: garagar

Lapurdian: garagar

Zuberoan: garagar

Roncalese: garagar

Comments: For the first element see *gali 'wheat'. The second element has a trilled /r̄/ and is phonetically comparable with PEC *q̇[ǝ̄]rV, etc.

Proto-Basque: *garhi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thin, slender, slim

Low Navarrese: gari

Lapurdian: gari

Zuberoan: gárhi

Comments: Only attested in "French" (northeastern) Bsq. Cf. PEC *q̇_warHV 'narrow' > Agul qI:ure- 'thin, emaciated', etc..

Proto-Basque: *gar-/*gar̄-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 high, tall; height 2 brain 3 nape 4 neck 5 bald (head)

Bizkaian: garai 1, garaun, garun 2, garando 3, garondo 4, (Oñate) karaun 2, garrondo 3

Gipuzkoan: garai 1, garondo 4, (Andoain) garrondo 3

High Navarrese: garai 1, garondo, garrondo 3

Low Navarrese: garai 1, garkhora 3, garondo 4, (Aldude) garsoil 5

Salazarese: garai 1, garando 3

Lapurdian: garai 1, garhaite 3, garhondo 4, garsoil 5

Baztanese: garai 1

Aezkoan: garai 1

Zuberoan: garai 1, garkhotxe, gárkhotx 3

Roncalese: garai 1, garando 3, garondo 4

Comments: *garai 'high, tall; height' may be an old case form 'at the head'. Otherwise the word is attested in many compounds.

Proto-Basque: *gaste

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: young (adj.); young person, youth

Bizkaian: gazte

Gipuzkoan: gazte

High Navarrese: gazte

Low Navarrese: gazte

Lapurdian: gazte

Zuberoan: gazte

Roncalese: gazte

Comments: A unique case of the correspondence of Bsq *-st- ~ PNC *-rč̣- (~ -rć̣-). It is indirectly supported by other Bsq *-st-/-st- ~ PNC *-rC- matches: cf. e.g. Bsq *baste-r̄ ‘edge, margin, corner’ ~ PNC *whǝ̆rʒĭ ‘edge, tip’.

Proto-Basque: *gau

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night

Bizkaian: gau

Gipuzkoan: gau

High Navarrese: gau

Low Navarrese: gau

Salazarese: gau

Lapurdian: gau

Baztanese: gau

Aezkoan: gau

Zuberoan: gai

Roncalese: gau, (Uztárroz) gai

Comments: Chirikba (1985) compared Bsq + PLezg. *χI:an: 'evening', etc. Much earlier Uhlenbeck (1924) compared Bsq gau with Tsakhur χIam 'night', along with other unrelated NC words.

Proto-Basque: *geHeɫi ~ *i=keɫ(a) ~ *o=keɫV

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 meat 2 (large) morsel (of any food) 3 (fresh) beef 4 lean meat 5 fattened ox 6 piece (of meat, cheese)

Bizkaian: okela 1, geeli, geli 3

Gipuzkoan: okela 1, geeli, geli 3

High Navarrese: okela 2, ikela 5, geli 3, 4

Low Navarrese: ikhel 5

Lapurdian: okela, okeli 2, 6, (arc) geheli 3

Baztanese: geli, geli-ki 4

Zuberoan: okela 2, 6

Roncalese: geli, geli-ki 4

Comments: Bsq okela is conventionally derived from Lat. buccella 'mouthful, morsel', which has reflexes in Old Italian and Alpine regions referring to dough-based foods, not meat, and none in Iberia. Cf. instead PEC *q̇ɦwĕɫV̄ 'large female domestic animal (cow, mare)'. Unusually, Bsq has variants with no prefix (*geHeɫi), vs. prefix *i= (*i=keɫa), or prefix *o= (*o=keɫV).